As an international student in Australia, securing Permanent Residency (PR) is often the ultimate goal. Two of the most popular pathways—the Subclass 190 (State Nominated) and Subclass 491 (Regional) visas—offer distinct routes to PR, each with unique advantages and trade-offs.  

In 2025, with Australia’s migration policies emphasizing regional growth and skilled labor shortages, choosing the right visa is more critical than ever. This guide will: 

• Compare key differences in eligibility, processing, and lifestyle 

• Analyze 2025 updates (e.g., priority processing for 491 visas) 

• Feature real student case studies 

• Provide a step-by-step decision framework  

Who Should Apply?

• Students with 65+ points and occupations on state demand lists (e.g., nursing, IT, engineering) .  

• Those prioritizing city life (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane). 

Key Features

• Instant PR: No waiting period—full Medicare and social benefits from Day 1. 

• Metro Flexibility: After 2 years in the nominating state, you can move anywhere . 

• Higher Earnings: Average salaries in metro areas are 15–20% higher than regional .  

Drawbacks

• Fierce Competition: Victoria’s 2025 allocation is only 3,000 spots for 190 visas . 

• Strict Occupation Lists: Courses like hospitality or business may not qualify.  

Who Should Apply?

• Students with lower points (50–65) needing the +15 boost .  

• Those open to regional lifestyles (e.g., Gold Coast, Hobart, Newcastle). 

2025 Updates

• Expanded Occupation Lists: Now includes tech roles like cybersecurity and data analytics .  

• No Income Requirement: AUD 53,900 threshold removed for 191 PR pathway .  

• Priority Processing: 491 applications fast-tracked to fill regional labor gaps . 

Key Features

• Broader Eligibility: 491 occupation lists are 40% longer than 190 lists . 

• Lower Living Costs: Rent in Adelaide is 30% cheaper than Sydney . 

• Career Growth: Skill shortages in regions mean faster promotions (e.g., IT professionals in Perth reach leadership roles 2x faster) .  

Drawbacks

• Geographic Lock: Violating regional work conditions can cancel your visa . 

• Delayed PR: Must wait 3 years to apply for Subclass 191.  

Eligibility

Lifestyle Impact

• 190 Visa: Best for urbanites who value cultural amenities and job variety.

• 491 Visa: Ideal for those seeking community vibes, outdoor activities, and lower stress .

Financial Considerations

• 190 Visa: Higher salaries but costly rent (e.g., AUD 2,500/month for a Sydney 2-bedroom).

• 491 Visa: Save AUD 15,000+/year on living costs

1. Check Your Occupation
   1. 190: Consult state lists (e.g., Victoria’s 2024–25 MLTSSL).
   2. 491: Search the Regional Occupation List (ROL).
2. Calculate Your Points
   1. Use the SkillSelect Calculator.
   2. Pro Tip: Regional study adds +5 points (e.g., Charles Darwin University).
3. Evaluate Lifestyle Preferences
   1. Take our quiz: “Could You Thrive in Regional Australia?”
      1. Do you prefer beaches or nightlife?
      2. Are you comfortable with limited public transport?
4. Consult an Expert
   1. VXL Global’s migration agents analyze:
      1. State nomination strategies
      2. Hidden eligibility traps (e.g., WA’s 6-month employment contract rule)

• 190 Visa: NSW now prioritizes healthcare and STEM graduates.  

• 491 Visa: South Australia offers PR in 2 years for DAMA occupations (e.g., aged care). 

The 190 visa is a sprint to PR for high-achievers in metro hubs, while the 491 visa is a strategic marathon with regional rewards. Ask yourself:  

• Is your occupation in demand in Sydney/Melbourne? → 190  

• Do you need extra points and love coastal towns? → 491